Saturday, December 26, 2009

Product

Definition 1:
Anything capable of satisfying needs, including tangible items, services and ideas.

Definition 2:

Any thing that can be offered to a market for attention acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need. it includes physical objects, services, persons, places, organizations and ideas
(Kotler & Armstrong)

Producers

The components of the organizational market that acquire products, services that enter into the production of products and services that are sold or supplied to others.

Probation

A trial period in the first months of employment when the employer checks the suitability and capability of a person in a certain role, and takes any corrective action.

Probability

The quantitative measure of the likelihood that a given event will occur.

Principal

The amount of money borrowed in a debt agreement and the amount upon which interest is calculated.

Price war

A situation in which two or more companies each try to increase their own share of the market by lowering prices.

Price planning

The systematic process for establishing pricing objec¬tives and policies.

Price floor

The lowest amount a business owner can charge for a prod¬uct or service and still meet all expenses.

Price discrimination

The practice of selling of the same product to different buyers at different prices.

Price control

Government regulations that set maximum prices for commodities or control price levels by credit controls.

Price ceiling

The highest amount a customer will pay for a product or a service based upon perceived value.

Price

The exchange value of a product or service from the perspective of both the buyer and the seller.

Prepayment penalty

A charge that may be levied against somebody who makes a payment before its due date. The penalty compensates the lender or seller for potential lost interest.

Prepaid interest

Interest paid in advance of its due date.

Pre-paid expenses

Expenditures that are paid in advance for items not yet received.

Pre-billing

The practice of submitting a bill for a product or service before it has actually been delivered.

Postdate

To put a later date on a document or check than the date when it is signed, with the effect that it is not valid until the later date.

Point of purchase

The place at which a product is purchased by the customer. The point of sale can be a retail outlet, a display case, or even a legal business relationship of two or more people who share responsibilities, resources, profits and liabilities.

Poaching

The practice of recruiting people from other companies by offering inducements.

Planning

The process of setting objectives, or goals, and formulating policies, strategies, and procedures to meet them.

Placement fee

A fee that a stockbroker receives for a sale of shares.

Piracy

Illegal copying of a product such as software or music.

Pink slip

Get your pink slip to be dismissed from employment

Phantom income

Income that is subject to tax even though the recipient never actually gets control of it, for example, income from a limited partnership.

Petty cash

a small store of cash used for minor business expenses.

Performance appraisal

A face-to-face discussion in which one employee's work is discussed, reviewed, and appraised by another, using an agreed and understood framework.

Perception

The process of selecting, organizing and interpreting infor¬mation received through the senses.

Pay Pal

A Web based service that enables Internet users to send and receive payments electronically. To open a Pay Pal account, users register and provide their credit card details. When they decide to make a transaction via Pay Pal, their card is charged for the transfer.

Payment-in-kind

An alternative form of pay given to employees in place of monetary reward but considered to be of equivalent value. A payment in kind takes the form of a car, purchase of goods at cost price, or other nonfinancial exchange that benefits an employee.

Payment gateway

A company or organization that provides an interface between merchant's point-of-sale system, acquirer payment systems, and issuer payment systems.

Payable

Ready to be paid. One of the standard accounts kept by a book¬keeper is "accounts payable." This is a list of those bills that are current and due to be paid.

Patent

A type of copyright granted as a fixed-term monopoly to an inventor by the state to prevent others copying an invention, or improvement of a product or process.

Passive investment management

The managing of a mutual fund or other investment portfolio by relying on automatic adjustments such as indexation instead of making personal judgments.

Partnership

A legal business relationship of two or more people who share responsibilities, resources, profits and liabilities.

Overprice

to set the price of a product or service too high, with the result that it is unacceptable to the market.

Overhead

A general term for costs of materials and services not directly adding to or readily identifiable with the product or service being sold.

Outsourcing

Term used in business to identify the process of sub-contracting work to outside vendors

Overdrawn

In debt to a bank because the amount withdrawn from an account exceeds its balance.

Overdraft facility

A credit arrangement with a bank, allowing a person or company with an account to use borrowed money up to an agreed limit when nothing is left in the account.

Overdraft

The amount by which the money withdrawn from a bank account exceeds the balance of the account.

Outsourcing

Term used in business to identify the process of sub-contracting work to outside vendors. The transfer of the provision of services previously carried out by in-house personnel to an external organization, usually under a contract with agreed standards, costs, and conditions.

Organizational market

A marketplace made up of producers, trade industries, governments and institutions.

Order

a contract made between a customer and a supplier for the supply of a range of goods or services in a determined quantity and quality, at an agreed price, and for delivery at or by a specified time.

Option

a contract for the right to buy or sell an asset, typically a commodity, under certain terms.

Optimize

to allocate such things as resources or capital as efficiently as possible.

Operating costs

Expenditures arising out of current business activities. The costs incurred to do business such as salaries, electricity, rental. Also may be called "overhead."

Operating cash flow

The amount used to represent the money moving through a company as a result of its operations, as distinct from its purely financial transactions.

Open market

a market that is widely available.

Open-end credit

A form of credit that does not have an upper limit on the amount that can be borrowed or a time limit before repayment is due

Obsolescence

The decline of products in a market due to the introduction of better competitor products or rapid technology developments.

Objective

An end toward which effort is directed and on which resources are focused, usually to achieve an organization's strategy.

Friday, December 25, 2009

Note

A document that is recognized as legal evidence of a debt.

Nonrecurring

One time, not repeating. "Nonrecurring" expenses are those involved in starting a business, and which only have to be paid once and will not occur again.

Nondisclosure agreement

A legally enforceable agreement preventing present or past employees from disclosing commercially sensitive information belonging to the employer to any other party.

No-load fund

A mutual fund that does not charge a fee for purchase or sale of shares.

Niche

A well-defined group of customers for which what you have to offer is particularly suitable.

Net worth

The total value of a business in financial terms. Net worth is calculated by subtracting total liabilities from total assets.

Net profit

Gross profit minus costs.

Net proceeds

The amount realized from a transaction minus the cost of making it.

Net operating income

The amount by which income exceeds expenses, before considering taxes and interest

Net margin

The percentage of revenues that is profit.

Net fixed assets

The value of fixed assets after depreciation.

Net errors and omissions

The net amount of the discrepancies that arise in calculations of balances of payments.

Net cash balance

The amount of cash that is on hand.

Net capital

The amount by which assets exceed the value of assets not easily converted to cash.

Net assets

The amount by which the value of a company's assets exceeds its liabilities.

Negotiation

A discussion with the aim of resolving a difference of opinion, or dispute, or to settle the terms of an agreement or transaction.

NASDAQ

National Association of Security Dealers Automated Quotation system, a screen-based quotation system supporting market making in registered equities.

Multilevel sales

Also known as network marketing. Rather than hiring sales staff, multilevel sales companies sell their products through thou-sands of independent distributors. Multilevel sales companies offer dis¬tributors commissions on both retail sales and the sales of their "down-line" (the network of other distributors they sponsor).

Middleman

A person or company that performs functions or renders services involved in the purchase and/or sale of goods in their flow from producer to consumer.

Micromarketing

Marketing to individuals or very small groups.

Micro-business

An owner-operated business with few employees and less than $250,000 in annual sales.

Merchandise

Goods bought and sold in a business. "Merchandise" or stock is a part of inventory.

Mass marketing

Selecting and developing a single offering for an entire market.

Markup

The difference between the cost of a product or service and its selling price.

Marketing research

The systematic design, collection, analysis and reporting of data regarding a specific marketing situation.

Marketing mix

The set of product, place, promotion, price and packaging variables, which a marketing manager controls and orchestrates to bring a product or service into the marketplace.

Market targeting

Choosing a marketing strategy in terms of competi¬tive strengths and marketplace realities.

Market share

A company's percentage share of total sales within a given market.

Market positioning

Finding a market niche that emphasizes the strengths of a product or service in relation to the weaknesses of the competition.

Marketing

One of the main management disciplines, encompassing all the strategic planning, operations, activities, and processes involved in achieving organizational objectives by delivering value to customers. Marketing management focuses on satisfying customer requirements by identifying needs and wants.

Definition 1:


Marketing is the process associated with promoted for sale goods or services. It is considered a "social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and values with others." It is an integrated process through which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return.

Definition 2:

The Chartered Institute of Marketing define marketing as 'The management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably'

Definition 3:

Philip Kotler defines marketing as 'satisfying needs and wants through an exchange process'

Definition 4:

P.Tailor of www.learnmarketing.net suggests that 'Marketing is not about providing products or services it is essentially about providing changing benefits to the changing needs and demands of the customer (P.Tailor 7/00)'

Definition 5:

Marketing is the process of interesting potential customers and clients in your products and/or services.

The key word in this marketing definition is "process"; marketing involves researching, promoting, selling, and distributing your products or services.

Definition 6:

A social and managerial process whereby individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others

Definition 7:

Management Process through which goods and services move from concept to the customer. As a philosophy, it is based on thinking about the business in terms of customer needs and their satisfaction. As a practice, it consists in coordination of four elements called 4P's:

(1) Identification, selection, and development of a product

(2) Determination of its price

(3) Selection of a distribution channel to reach the customer's place, and

(4) Development and implementation of a promotional strategy.

Marketing differs from selling because (in the words of Harvard Business School's emeritus professor of marketing Theodore C. Levitt) "Selling concerns itself with the tricks and techniques of getting people to exchange their cash for your product. It is not concerned with the values that the exchange is all about. And it does not, as marketing invariably does, view the entire business process as consisting of a tightly integrated effort to discover, create, arouse, and satisfy customer needs."

Market niche

A well-defined group of customers for which what you have to offer is particularly suitable.

Market forecast

An anticipated demand that results from a planned marketing expenditure.

Market demand

Total volume purchased in a specific geographic area by a specific customer group in a specified time period under a specified marketing program.

Market development

Marketing activities designed to increase the overall size of a market through education and awareness.

Market analysis

The study of a market to identify and quantify business opportunities.

Marketable

Possessing the potential to be commercially viable.

Market

A set of potential or real buyers or a place in which there is a demand for products or services, actual or potential buyers of a product or service.

Management

The use of professional skills for identifying and achieving organizational objectives through the deployment of appropriate resources. The art of conducting and supervising a business.

Mail order

A form of retailing in which consumers order products from a catalogue for delivery to their home.

Macroeconomics

the branch of economics that studies national income and the economic systems of national economies.

Ma and Pa shop

a small family-run business.

Long-term liabilities

The liabilities (expenses) that will not mature within the next year.

Loan

Money lent with interest.

Loan agreement

A document that states what a business can and can¬not do as long as it owes money to the lender.

Liquidity

The ability of a business to meet its financial responsibilities. The degree of readiness with which assets can be converted into cash without loss.

Liquid assets

Financial assets that can be quickly converted to cash.

Limited partnership

A legal partnership where some owners are allowed to assume responsibility only up to the amount invested.

Lifestyle

A pattern of living that comprises an individual's activities, interests and opinions.

License

A contractual arrangement, or a document representing this, in which one organization gives another the rights to produce, sell, or use something in return for payment.

Liability insurance

Risk protection for actions for which a business is liable.

Liability

A debt that has no claim on a debtor's assets or less claim than another debt.

Leverage

A method of corporate funding in which a higher proportion of funds is raised through borrowing than share issue.

Letter of Credit

A letter issued by a bank that can be presented to another bank to authorize the issue of credit or money.

Letter of agreement

A document that constitutes a simple form of contract.

Lemon

A product, especially a car, that is defective in some way.

Law of diminishing returns

A rule stating that as one factor of production is increased while others remain constant, the extra output generated by the additional input will eventually fall. The law of diminishing returns therefore means that extra workers, extra capital, extra machinery, or extra land may not necessarily raise output as much as expected.

Lapse

The termination of an option without trade in the underlying security or commodity.

Monday, December 21, 2009

Labor force

People of working age who are available for paid employment, including the unemployed looking for work, but excluding categories such as full-time students, careers, and the long-term sick and disabled.

Keystone

Setting a retail price at twice the wholesale price.

Junk Bond

a bond with high return and high risk.

Joint Ownership

ownership by more than one party, each with equal rights in the item owned. Joint ownership is often applied to property or other assets.

Joint Account

An account, for example, one held at a bank or by a broker, that two or more people own in common and have access to.
 
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